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Wareegyada 1.Integrated ee lagu soo saaro dusha sare ee chip semiconductor ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa wareegyada isku dhafan ee khafiifka ah.Nooc kale oo ka mid ah wareegga isku dhafan ee filimka qaro weyn (isku-dhafka isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka ah) waa wareeg yar oo ka kooban qalab semiconductor shakhsi ah iyo qaybo aan fiicneyn oo lagu daray substrate ama guddiga wareegga.
Laga soo bilaabo 1949 ilaa 1957, prototypes waxaa sameeyay Werner Jacobi, Jeffrey Dummer, Sidney Darlington, iyo Yasuo Tarui, laakiin wareegga casriga ah ee isku dhafan waxaa alifay Jack Kilby 1958.Waxaa la siiyay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize ee Fiisigiska 2000 tan tan, laakiin Robert Noyce, oo sidoo kale sameeyay wareegga isku dhafan ee casriga ah isla waqtigaas, wuxuu geeriyooday 1990-kii.
Ka dib abuurista iyo soosaarka tirada badan ee transistor-ka, qaybaha kala duwan ee semiconductor-ka adag sida diodes iyo transistor-ka ayaa loo adeegsaday tiro badan, beddelaya shaqada iyo doorka tuubada faakuumka ee wareegga.Badhtamihii ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 20aad horumarkii laga sameeyay tignoolajiyada wax soo saarka semiconductor ayaa suurta galiyay wareegyada isku dhafan.Si ka duwan kulanka buug-gacmeedka ee wareegyada iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaybaha elektaroonigga ah ee gaarka ah, wareegyada isku dhafan ayaa loo oggol yahay isku-dhafka tiro badan oo transistor-yar ah oo loo yaqaan 'chip yar', taas oo ahayd horumar weyn.Miisaanka wax-soo-saarka, isku halaynta, iyo habka qaab-dhismeedka qaabaynta wareegyada isku-dhafka ah ayaa xaqiijiyay qaadashada degdegga ah ee wareegyada isku-dhafan ee halbeegga ah halkii la naqshadayn lahaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo transistor-ka-fican.
Wareegyada isku dhafan ee 2.Integrated waxay leeyihiin laba faa'iidooyin oo waaweyn oo ka sarreeya transistor-yada kala duwan: qiimaha iyo waxqabadka.Qiimaha jaban waa sababtoo ah chips-ku waxay daabacaan dhammaan qaybaha sida unug ahaan sawir-qaadis, halkii ay ka samayn lahaayeen hal transistor oo keliya markiiba.Waxqabadka sare waxaa sabab u ah qaybaha si degdeg ah u beddelaya oo cunaya tamar yar sababtoo ah qaybaha waa yar yihiin oo isku dhow yihiin midba midka kale.2006 waxa la arkay meelo jajab ah oo u dhexeeya dhawr milimitir oo labajibbaaran ilaa 350 mm² iyo ilaa hal milyan oo transistor halkii mm².
Wareegga isku dhafan ee tusaalaha ah waxaa dhamaystiray Jack Kilby 1958 wuxuuna ka kooban yahay laba- transistor, saddex iska caabin ah, iyo capacitor.
Iyada oo ku xidhan tirada aaladaha microelectronic ee isku dhafan ee chip, wareegyada isku dhafan ayaa loo qaybin karaa qaybaha soo socda.
Wareegyada Isku-dhafan ee Miisaanka Yar (SSI) waxay leeyihiin in ka yar 10 albaab oo macquul ah ama 100 transistor.
Isdhexgalka Miisaanka Dhexdhexaadka ah (MSI) waxa uu leeyahay 11 ilaa 100 albaab macquul ah ama 101 ilaa 1k transistor.
Isdhexgalka Miisaanka Weyn (LSI) 101 ilaa 1k albaabada macquulka ah ama 1,001 ilaa 10k transistor.
Is dhexgalka cabirka aad u weyn (VLSI) 1,001 ~ 10k albaabada macquulka ah ama 10,001 ~ 100k transistor.
Isdhexgalka Miisaanka Weyn ee Ultra (ULSI) 10,001 ~ 1M albaabbada macquulka ah ama 100,001 ~ 10M transistors.
GLSI (Giga Scale Integration) 1,000,001 ama in ka badan albaabada macquulka ah ama 10,000,001 ama in ka badan transistors.
3.Horumarinta wareegyada isku dhafan
Wareegyada isku dhafka ah ee ugu horumarsan waa wadnaha microprocessors ama soo-saareyaal badan oo koontarooli kara wax kasta laga bilaabo kombuyuutar ilaa taleefannada gacanta ilaa foornooyinka microwave-ka dhijitaalka ah.Iyadoo kharashka naqshadeynta iyo horumarinta isku-dhafka isku-dhafan ee isku-dhafan uu aad u sarreeyo, kharashka goob kasta oo isku-dhafan ayaa la yareeyaa marka lagu faafo alaabooyinka inta badan lagu qiyaaso malaayiin.Waxqabadka ICs waa mid sarreeya sababtoo ah cabbirka yar wuxuu keenaa wadooyin gaaban, taas oo u oggolaanaysa wareegyada macquulka ah ee hooseeya in lagu dabaqo xawaaraha beddelka degdegga ah.
Sanado badan, waxaan sii waday inaan u dhaqaaqo arrimo yaryar, taas oo u oggolaanaysa wareegyo badan in la baakeeyo halkii chip.Tani waxay kordhinaysaa awoodda aag kasta, taasoo u oggolaanaysa kharashyo yar iyo kor u kaca shaqada, eeg Sharciga Moore, halkaas oo tirada transistors ee IC ay labanlaabanto 1.5 sano kasta.Marka la soo koobo, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan cabirrada ayaa soo hagaaga marka qaab-dhismeedka qaabku hoos u dhaco, kharashaadka unugga iyo beddelka isticmaalka awoodda hoos u dhaca, iyo xawligu korodho.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jira dhibaatooyin ICs ah oo isku dara aaladaha nanoscale, inta badan qulqulka qulqulka.Natiijo ahaan, kororka xawaaraha iyo isticmaalka korantada ayaa aad loo dareemi karaa isticmaalaha ugu dambeeya, iyo soosaarayaashu waxay la kulmaan caqabad adag oo ah isticmaalka joomatari ka wanaagsan.Habkan iyo horumarka la filayo sanadaha soo socda ayaa si wanaagsan loogu qeexay khariidadda tignoolajiyada caalamiga ah ee semiconductors.
Nus qarni keliya ka dib korriinkooda, wareegyada isku dhafan ayaa noqday meel kasta oo kombuyuutar, telefoonnada gacanta, iyo qalabyada kale ee dhijitaalka ah waxay noqdeen qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dharka bulshada.Tani waa sababta oo ah xisaabinta casriga ah, isgaarsiinta, nidaamka wax soo saarka, iyo gaadiidka, oo uu ku jiro internetka, dhammaan waxay ku xiran yihiin jiritaanka wareegyada isku dhafan.Culimo badan ayaa xitaa tixgeliya kacaanka dhijitaalka ah ee ay keentay IC inuu yahay dhacdada ugu muhiimsan taariikhda aadanaha, iyo in korriinka IC uu u horseedi doono horumar weyn oo xagga tignoolajiyada, labadaba xagga farsamooyinka naqshadeynta iyo horumarka hababka semiconductor. , oo labaduba aad isugu xidhan yihiin.