(Qalabka Elektrooniga ah IC Chips Integrated Circuits IC) XC7A50T-2FGG484I

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Ka warbixi Khaladka Macluumaadka Alaabta

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Dukumentiyada & Warbaahinta

Kala soocida Deegaanka & Dhoofinta

Wareegga isku dhafan

Wareeg isku-dhafan ama wareegga isku-dhafan ee monolithic (sidoo kale loo yaqaan IC, chip, ama microchip) waa qayb ka mid ahwareegyada elektarooniga ahhal gabal oo fidsan (ama "chip") oo ahsemiconductormaaddo, sida caadiga ahsilikon.Tiro badanoo yarMOSFET-yada(bir-oxide-semiconductortransistor-ku-saamaynta goobta) ku dhex geli jajab yar.Tani waxay keenaysaa wareegyada amarrada cabbirkoodu ka yar yihiin, ka dheereeyo, oo ka qaalisan yihiin kuwa lagu dhisay si gaar ah.qaybaha elektarooniga ah.IC-gawax soo saarka ballaarankartida, isku halaynta, iyo hab-dhis-dhisku u wajahayonaqshadeynta wareegga isku dhafanwaxay xaqiijisay qaadashada degdega ah ee IC-yada caadiga ah ee meel nashqadaynta iyadoo la adeegsanayo si gaar ahtransistors.IC-yada hadda waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qalabka elektiroonigga ah waxayna ka beddeleen adduunkaelektarooniga.Kombiyuutarada,telefoonada gacantaiyo kuwo kaleqalabka gurigahadda waa qaybo aan kala go 'lahayn oo ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka bulshooyinka casriga ah, oo ay suurtogaliyeen cabbirka yar iyo qiimaha hooseeya ee IC-yada sida casriga ah.soo-saareyaasha kombuyuutarradaiyomicrocontrollers.

Is dhexgalka aad u ballaaranwaxaa laga dhigay wax ku ool ah horumarinta tignoolajiyada eebiraha-oxide-silicon(MOS)samaynta qalabka semiconductor.Tan iyo markii ay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan 1960-meeyadii, cabbirka, xawaaraha, iyo awoodda chips-yada ayaa si weyn u horumaray, taasoo ay horseedday horumarro farsamo oo ku habboon in badan oo MOS transistor ah oo ku yaal chips-ka cabbirka la mid ah - chip-ka casriga ah wuxuu yeelan karaa balaayiin badan oo MOS transistor ah meel le'eg ciddida faraha bini'aadamka.Horumaradan, qiyaas ahaan soo socdaSharciga Moore, ka dhig chips-ka kombuyuutarrada maanta haysta awoodda malaayiin jeer iyo kumanaan jeer xawaaraha chips-ka kombuyuutarka ee horraantii 1970-yadii.

ICs waxay leeyihiin laba faa'iidooyin oo waaweynwareegyada discrete: kharashka iyo waxqabadka.Qiimaha waa yar yahay sababtoo ah chips-yada, oo leh dhammaan qaybaha ay ka kooban yihiin, waxaa loo daabacaa halbeeg ahaansawir qaadehalkii mar la dhisi lahaa hal transistor.Intaa waxaa dheer, IC-yada baakadaysan waxay isticmaalaan walxo aad uga yar marka loo eego wareegyada kala duwan.Waxqabadku aad buu u sarreeyaa sababtoo ah qaybaha IC waxay si degdeg ah u beddelaan oo ay isticmaalaan awood yar marka la barbardhigo cabbirkooda iyo u dhawaanshahooda.Khasaaraha ugu weyn ee ICs waa kharashka badan ee naqshadaynta iyo samaynta waxyaabaha loo baahan yahaysawir-gacmeedyo.Qiimahan bilowga ah ee sarreeya wuxuu ka dhigan yahay IC-yadu inay ganacsi ahaan shaqayn karaan oo keliya markamugga wax soo saarka sarewaa la filayaa.

Eray bixinta[wax ka beddel]

Anwareeg isku dhafanwaxaa lagu qeexay sida:^[1]

Wareeg ah in dhammaan ama qaar ka mid ah curiyayaasha wareeggu ay si aan kala go' lahayn isugu xiran yihiin oo koronto ahaan isku xiran yihiin si loo arko in aan loo qaybin karin ujeedooyinka dhismaha iyo ganacsiga.

Wareegyada buuxinaya qeexitaankan waxaa lagu dhisi karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo teknoolojiyad kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraantransistor-filim khafiif ah,tiknoolajiyada filimada qaro weyn, amawareegyada isku dhafan ee isku-dhafan.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isticmaalka guudwareeg isku dhafanwuxuu u yimid inuu tixraaco dhismaha wareegga hal-xabbo ee asal ahaan loo yaqaan awareegga isku dhafan monolithic, oo inta badan lagu dhisay hal gabal oo silikoon ah.^[2][3]

Taariikhda

Isku daygii hore ee isku darka dhowr qaybood oo hal qalab ah (sida IC-yada casriga ah) ayaa ahaaLoewe 3NFtuubada vacuum laga soo bilaabo 1920-kii.Si ka duwan ICs, waxaa loo qaabeeyey iyadoo ujeedadu tahaycashuur dhaaf, sida Jarmalka, dadka qaata raadiyaha waxay lahaayeen canshuur taas oo la saaray iyadoo ku xiran inta tuubooyin qaadata raadiyaha leeyahay.Waxay u ogolaatay soo-qabayaasha raadiyaha inay haystaan ​​hal tuubo oo haye.

Fikradaha hore ee wareegga isku dhafan waxay dib ugu noqdaan 1949, markii injineer Jarmal ahWerner Jacobi^[4](Siemens AG)^[5]u xareeyay rukhsad qalab-weyneysiin isku-dhafan-wareeg-u eg^[6]muujinaya shantransistorson substrate caadiga ah ee saddex marxaladoodcod-weyneeyehabayn.Jacobi wuxuu shaaca ka qaaday mid yar oo jabanqalabka gargaarka maqalkasida codsiyada warshadaha caadiga ah ee uu patent.Isticmaalka ganacsi ee degdega ah ee patentkiisa lama soo sheegin.

Taageere kale oo hore ee fikradda wuxuu ahaaGeoffrey Dummer(1909-2002), saynis yahan radar ah oo u shaqaynayaRoyal Radar Establishmentee IngiriiskaWasaaradda Gaashaandhigga.Dummer waxa uu fikradda u soo bandhigay dadweynihii ka soo qayb galay Shirwaynaha ku saabsan Horumarka Tayada Qaybaha Elektarooniga ah ee gudahaWashington, DC7dii May 1952kii.^[7]Waxa uu siiyay doodo badan oo fagaare ah si uu u faafiyo fikradihiisa waxana uu ku guul daraystay in uu isku dayo in uu dhiso wareeg noocaas ah 1956. Intii u dhaxaysay 1953 iyo 1957,Sidney Darlingtoniyo Yasuo Tarui (Shaybaarka farsamada gacanta) soo jeediyay naqshado jajab ah oo la mid ah halkaasoo dhowr transistor ay wadaagi karaan aag firfircoon oo caadi ah, laakiin ma jiringo'doomin korontoin la kala saaro.^[4]

Chip-wareegga isku-dhafan ee monolithic waxaa karti u yeeshay hal-abuurradahabka qorshaysanbyJean Hoerniiyop–n go'doomintabyKurt Lehovec.Hal-abuurkii Hoerni waxa lagu dhisayMaxamed M. Atalla'shaqo on passivation dusha, iyo sidoo kale Fuller iyo Ditzenberger shaqada ee faafinta boron iyo fosfooraska wasakhda galay silicon,Carl Froschiyo shaqada Lincoln Derick ee ilaalinta dusha sare, iyoChih-Tang SahShaqada ku saabsan daboolidda faafinta oksaydhka.^[8]